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我有一本書叫Michael of Abrash的大會禪。據我所知，所有的代碼清單都在x86彙編中。我下載了WinASM和MASM，所以我可以組裝並鏈接這些列表。但是，這些列表並不適用 - 事實上，我根本無法讓他們工作。例如，這裏是首批上市代碼：我救它作爲listing1.asmWinASM和禪宗大會的問題
;
; *** Listing 2-1 ***
;
; The precision Zen timer (PZTIMER.ASM)
;
; Uses the 8253 timer to time the performance of code that takes
; less than about 54 milliseconds to execute, with a resolution
; of better than 10 microseconds.
;
; By Michael Abrash 4/26/89
;
; Externally callable routines:
;
; ZTimerOn: Starts the Zen timer, with interrupts disabled.
;
; ZTimerOff: Stops the Zen timer, saves the timer count,
; times the overhead code, and restores interrupts to the
; state they were in when ZTimerOn was called.
;
; ZTimerReport: Prints the net time that passed between starting
; and stopping the timer.
;
; Note: If longer than about 54 ms passes between ZTimerOn and
; ZTimerOff calls, the timer turns over and the count is
; inaccurate. When this happens, an error message is displayed
; instead of a count. The long-period Zen timer should be used
; in such cases.
;
; Note: Interrupts *MUST* be left off between calls to ZTimerOn
; and ZTimerOff for accurate timing and for detection of
; timer overflow.
;
; Note: These routines can introduce slight inaccuracies into the
; system clock count for each code section timed even if
; timer 0 doesn't overflow. If timer 0 does overflow, the
; system clock can become slow by virtually any amount of
; time, since the system clock can't advance while the
; precison timer is timing. Consequently, it's a good idea
; to reboot at the end of each timing session. (The
; battery-backed clock, if any, is not affected by the Zen
; timer.)
;
; All registers, and all flags except the interrupt flag, are
; preserved by all routines. Interrupts are enabled and then disabled
; by ZTimerOn, and are restored by ZTimerOff to the state they were
; in when ZTimerOn was called.
;
Code segment word public 'CODE'
assume cs:Code, ds:nothing
public ZTimerOn, ZTimerOff, ZTimerReport
;
; Base address of the 8253 timer chip.
;
BASE_8253 equ 40h
;
; The address of the timer 0 count registers in the 8253.
;
TIMER_0_8253 equ BASE_8253 + 0
;
; The address of the mode register in the 8253.
;
MODE_8253 equ BASE_8253 + 3
;
; The address of Operation Command Word 3 in the 8259 Programmable
; Interrupt Controller (PIC) (write only, and writable only when
; bit 4 of the byte written to this address is 0 and bit 3 is 1).
;
OCW3 equ 20h
;
; The address of the Interrupt Request register in the 8259 PIC
; (read only, and readable only when bit 1 of OCW3 = 1 and bit 0
; of OCW3 = 0).
;
IRR equ 20h
;
; Macro to emulate a POPF instruction in order to fix the bug in some
; 80286 chips which allows interrupts to occur during a POPF even when
; interrupts remain disabled.
;
MPOPF macro
local p1, p2
jmp short p2
p1: iret ;jump to pushed address & pop flags
p2: push cs ;construct far return address to
call p1 ; the next instruction
endm
;
; Macro to delay briefly to ensure that enough time has elapsed
; between successive I/O accesses so that the device being accessed
; can respond to both accesses even on a very fast PC.
;
DELAY macro
jmp $+2
jmp $+2
jmp $+2
endm
OriginalFlags db ? ;storage for upper byte of
; FLAGS register when
; ZTimerOn called
TimedCount dw ? ;timer 0 count when the timer
; is stopped
ReferenceCount dw ? ;number of counts required to
; execute timer overhead code
OverflowFlag db ? ;used to indicate whether the
; timer overflowed during the
; timing interval
;
; String printed to report results.
;
OutputStr label byte
db 0dh, 0ah, 'Timed count: ', 5 dup (?)
ASCIICountEnd label byte
db ' microseconds', 0dh, 0ah
db '$'
;
; String printed to report timer overflow.
;
OverflowStr label byte
db 0dh, 0ah
db '****************************************************'
db 0dh, 0ah
db '* The timer overflowed, so the interval timed was *'
db 0dh, 0ah
db '* too long for the precision timer to measure. *'
db 0dh, 0ah
db '* Please perform the timing test again with the *'
db 0dh, 0ah
db '* long-period timer. *'
db 0dh, 0ah
db '****************************************************'
db 0dh, 0ah
db '$'
;********************************************************************
;* Routine called to start timing. *
;********************************************************************
ZTimerOn proc near
;
; Save the context of the program being timed.
;
push ax
pushf
pop ax ;get flags so we can keep
; interrupts off when leaving
; this routine
mov cs:[OriginalFlags],ah ;remember the state of the
; Interrupt flag
and ah,0fdh ;set pushed interrupt flag
; to 0
push ax
;
; Turn on interrupts, so the timer interrupt can occur if it's
; pending.
;
sti
;
; Set timer 0 of the 8253 to mode 2 (divide-by-N), to cause
; linear counting rather than count-by-two counting. Also
; leaves the 8253 waiting for the initial timer 0 count to
; be loaded.
;
mov al,00110100b ;mode 2
out MODE_8253,al
;
; Set the timer count to 0, so we know we won't get another
; timer interrupt right away.
; Note: this introduces an inaccuracy of up to 54 ms in the system
; clock count each time it is executed.
;
DELAY
sub al,al
out TIMER_0_8253,al ;lsb
DELAY
out TIMER_0_8253,al ;msb
;
; Wait before clearing interrupts to allow the interrupt generated
; when switching from mode 3 to mode 2 to be recognized. The delay
; must be at least 210 ns long to allow time for that interrupt to
; occur. Here, 10 jumps are used for the delay to ensure that the
; delay time will be more than long enough even on a very fast PC.
;
rept 10
jmp $+2
endm
;
; Disable interrupts to get an accurate count.
;
cli
;
; Set the timer count to 0 again to start the timing interval.
;
mov al,00110100b ;set up to load initial
out MODE_8253,al ; timer count
DELAY
sub al,al
out TIMER_0_8253,al ;load count lsb
DELAY
out TIMER_0_8253,al ;load count msb
;
; Restore the context and return.
;
MPOPF ;keeps interrupts off
pop ax
ret
ZTimerOn endp
;********************************************************************
;* Routine called to stop timing and get count. *
;********************************************************************
ZTimerOff proc near
;
; Save the context of the program being timed.
;
push ax
push cx
pushf
;
; Latch the count.
;
mov al,00000000b ;latch timer 0
out MODE_8253,al
;
; See if the timer has overflowed by checking the 8259 for a pending
; timer interrupt.
;
mov al,00001010b ;OCW3, set up to read
out OCW3,al ; Interrupt Request register
DELAY
in al,IRR ;read Interrupt Request
; register
and al,1 ;set AL to 1 if IRQ0 (the
; timer interrupt) is pending
mov cs:[OverflowFlag],al ;store the timer overflow
; status
;
; Allow interrupts to happen again.
;
sti
;
; Read out the count we latched earlier.
;
in al,TIMER_0_8253 ;least significant byte
DELAY
mov ah,al
in al,TIMER_0_8253 ;most significant byte
xchg ah,al
neg ax ;convert from countdown
; remaining to elapsed
; count
mov cs:[TimedCount],ax
; Time a zero-length code fragment, to get a reference for how
; much overhead this routine has. Time it 16 times and average it,
; for accuracy, rounding the result.
;
mov cs:[ReferenceCount],0
mov cx,16
cli ;interrupts off to allow a
; precise reference count
RefLoop:
call ReferenceZTimerOn
call ReferenceZTimerOff
loop RefLoop
sti
add cs:[ReferenceCount],8 ;total + (0.5 * 16)
mov cl,4
shr cs:[ReferenceCount],cl ;(total)/16 + 0.5
;
; Restore original interrupt state.
;
pop ax ;retrieve flags when called
mov ch,cs:[OriginalFlags] ;get back the original upper
; byte of the FLAGS register
and ch,not 0fdh ;only care about original
; interrupt flag...
and ah,0fdh ;...keep all other flags in
; their current condition
or ah,ch ;make flags word with original
; interrupt flag
push ax ;prepare flags to be popped
;
; Restore the context of the program being timed and return to it.
;
MPOPF ;restore the flags with the
; original interrupt state
pop cx
pop ax
ret
ZTimerOff endp
;
; Called by ZTimerOff to start timer for overhead measurements.
;
ReferenceZTimerOn proc near
;
; Save the context of the program being timed.
;
push ax
pushf ;interrupts are already off
;
; Set timer 0 of the 8253 to mode 2 (divide-by-N), to cause
; linear counting rather than count-by-two counting.
;
mov al,00110100b ;set up to load
out MODE_8253,al ; initial timer count
DELAY
;
; Set the timer count to 0.
;
sub al,al
out TIMER_0_8253,al ;load count lsb
DELAY
out TIMER_0_8253,al ;load count msb
;
; Restore the context of the program being timed and return to it.
;
MPOPF
pop ax
ret
ReferenceZTimerOn endp
;
; Called by ZTimerOff to stop timer and add result to ReferenceCount
; for overhead measurements.
;
ReferenceZTimerOff proc near
;
; Save the context of the program being timed.
;
push ax
push cx
pushf
;
; Latch the count and read it.
;
mov al,00000000b ;latch timer 0
out MODE_8253,al
DELAY
in al,TIMER_0_8253 ;lsb
DELAY
mov ah,al
in al,TIMER_0_8253 ;msb
xchg ah,al
neg ax ;convert from countdown
; remaining to amount
; counted down
add cs:[ReferenceCount],ax
;
; Restore the context of the program being timed and return to it.
;
MPOPF
pop cx
pop ax
ret
ReferenceZTimerOff endp
;********************************************************************
;* Routine called to report timing results. *
;********************************************************************
ZTimerReport proc near
pushf
push ax
push bx
push cx
push dx
push si
push ds
;
push cs ;DOS functions require that DS point
pop ds ; to text to be displayed on the screen
assume ds:Code
;
; Check for timer 0 overflow.
;
cmp [OverflowFlag],0
jz PrintGoodCount
mov dx,offset OverflowStr
mov ah,9
int 21h
jmp short EndZTimerReport
;
; Convert net count to decimal ASCII in microseconds.
;
PrintGoodCount:
mov ax,[TimedCount]
sub ax,[ReferenceCount]
mov si,offset ASCIICountEnd - 1
;
; Convert count to microseconds by multiplying by .8381.
;
mov dx,8381
mul dx
mov bx,10000
div bx ;* .8381 = * 8381/10000
;
; Convert time in microseconds to 5 decimal ASCII digits.
;
mov bx,10
mov cx,5
CTSLoop:
sub dx,dx
div bx
add dl,'0'
mov [si],dl
dec si
loop CTSLoop
;
; Print the results.
;
mov ah,9
mov dx,offset OutputStr
int 21h
;
EndZTimerReport:
pop ds
pop si
pop dx
pop cx
pop bx
pop ax
MPOPF
ret
ZTimerReport endp
Code ends
end
。當我做出WinASM一個新項目，並選擇使用標準EXE，其他的EXE或控制檯應用程序作爲我的項目類型，我得到下面的輸出，當我做全力以赴（它是相同的，當我彙編和鏈接seperately）：
C:\masm32\bin\ML /c /coff /Cp /nologo /I"C:\masm32\include" "C:\Users\Lincoln\Desktop\WinAsm\Projects\listing1.asm"
Assembling: C:\Users\Lincoln\Desktop\WinAsm\Projects\listing1.asm
C:\masm32\bin\Link @"C:\Users\Lincoln\Desktop\WinAsm\Projects\link.war"
Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 5.12.8078
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corp 1992-1998. All rights reserved.
/SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS /RELEASE /VERSION:4.0 "/LIBPATH:C:\masm32\lib" "C:\Users\Lincoln\Desktop\WinAsm\Projects\listing1.obj" "/OUT:C:\Users\Lincoln\Desktop\WinAsm\Projects\listing1.exe"
listing1.obj : fatal error LNK1190: invalid fixup found, type 0x0001
Make finished. 1 error(s) occured.
當我組裝，並將其鏈接作爲一個DOS項目，我得到下面的輸出：
C:\masm32\bin\ML /c /I"C:\masm32\include" "C:\Users\Lincoln\Desktop\WinAsm\Projects\listing1.asm"
Microsoft (R) Macro Assembler Version 6.14.8444
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corp 1981-1997. All rights reserved.
Assembling: C:\Users\Lincoln\Desktop\WinAsm\Projects\listing1.asm
C:\masm32\bin\Link16 @"C:\Users\Lincoln\Desktop\WinAsm\Projects\link.war"
Microsoft (R) Segmented Executable Linker Version 5.60.339 Dec 5 1994
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corp 1984-1993. All rights reserved.
Object Modules [.obj]: C:\Users\Lincoln\Desktop\WinAsm\Projects\listing1.objj
LINK : warning L4021: no stack segment
LINK : warning L4038: program has no starting address
Make finished. 2 error(s) occured.
我不知道是什麼錯誤意味着，或者它爲什麼引起的。這本書「大會之禪」已經有二十多年的歷史，所以它的設計和編寫是爲了在一個稍微不同的處理器上運行，但我的印象是大多數處理器完全向後兼容，所以我認爲這不是一個問題。無論如何，有沒有人知道是什麼導致這些錯誤信息？很明顯，他們是鏈接器錯誤，它的組裝很好，所以這給了我一個想法，即鏈接器MASM帶來了一些不太正確的東西 - 我應該下載一個新的還是什麼？
順便說一句，我在一個32位的操作系統，而不是64位的一個，和我運行Windows 7.如果您有關於我的電腦有任何問題，我使用要做到這一點，隨意問。
你試過nasm嗎？很好的書btw，理解它出來時已經過時了。最重要的不是關於編程，而是關於8088或8086的細微差別，而是如何「思考」這個問題，然後再次猜測自己，嘗試一些瘋狂的事情並對它們進行計時（並且明白你可以用計時器來犯錯誤所以即使是第二次猜測）。 – 2012-07-20 02:50:06
我沒有，但我會嘗試NASM。是的，即使我無法獲得列表，我也很期待閱讀這本書。 – 2012-07-20 02:59:08
我試圖與NASM組裝，並得到一些奇怪的錯誤;如果你熟悉它，也許你提供幫助，dwelch：http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11572307/nasm-error-parsing-instruction-expected – 2012-07-20 03:10:15