更好的替代戰略模式在斯卡拉？

Question

當我使用Java（或類似語言）進行編程時，我經常使用一個簡單版本的Strategy模式，使用接口和實現類來爲代碼中的特定概念提供運行時可選實現。

作爲一個非常人爲的例子，我可能想要一個動物的一般概念，它可以在我的Java代碼中產生噪音，並希望能夠在運行時選擇動物的類型。所以我會寫這些代碼：

interface Animal { 
    void makeNoise(); 
} 

class Cat extends Animal { 
    void makeNoise() { System.out.println("Meow"); } 
} 

class Dog extends Animal { 
    void makeNoise() { System.out.println("Woof"); } 
} 

class AnimalContainer { 
    Animal myAnimal; 

    AnimalContainer(String whichOne) { 
     if (whichOne.equals("Cat")) 
      myAnimal = new Cat(); 
     else 
      myAnimal = new Dog(); 
    } 

    void doAnimalStuff() { 
     ... 
     // Time for the animal to make a noise 
     myAnimal.makeNoise(); 
     ... 
    } 

夠簡單。不過，最近我一直在Scala上開發一個項目，我也想做同樣的事情。這似乎很容易做到這一點使用的特質，像這樣的東西：

trait Animal { 
    def makeNoise:Unit 
} 

class Cat extends Animal { 
    override def makeNoise:Unit = println("Meow") 
} 

class AnimalContainer { 
    val myAnimal:Animal = new Cat 
    ... 
} 

然而，這似乎非常類似Java的，而不是非常實用的 - 更不用說特徵和接口是不是真的的一樣。所以我想知道在我的Scala代碼中是否有更實用的方式來實現戰略模式 - 或類似的東西 - 這樣我就可以在運行時選擇一個抽象概念的具體實現。或者正在使用特質來達到這個目的？

Answer 1

你可以在蛋糕模式上做一個變化。

trait Animal { 
    def makenoise: Unit 
} 

trait Cat extends Animal { 
    override def makeNoise { println("Meow") } 
} 

trait Dog extends Animal { 
    override def makeNoise { println("Woof") } 
} 

class AnimalContaineer { 
    self: Animal => 

    def doAnimalStuff { 
     // ... 
     makeNoise 
     // ... 
    } 
} 

object StrategyExample extends Application { 
    val ex1 = new AnimalContainer with Dog 
    val ex2 = new AnimalContainer with Cat 

    ex1.doAnimalStuff 
    ex2.doAnimalStuff 
} 

在戰略格局來看，對戰略的自我類型表明它必須與特定的實現某種算法的混合。

Answer 2

它可以去像「Design pattern in scala」這個例子：

等，其中函數是第一類對象或者關閉可用，策略模式是顯而易見的任何語言。
例如，考慮到「徵稅」例如：

trait TaxPayer 
case class Employee(sal: Long) extends TaxPayer 
case class NonProfitOrg(funds: BigInt) extends TaxPayer 

//Consider a generic tax calculation function. (It can be in TaxPayer also). 
def calculateTax[T <: TaxPayer](victim: T, taxingStrategy: (T => long)) = { 
    taxingStrategy(victim) 
} 

val employee = new Employee(1000) 
//A strategy to calculate tax for employees 
def empStrategy(e: Employee) = Math.ceil(e.sal * .3) toLong 
calculateTax(employee, empStrategy) 

val npo = new NonProfitOrg(100000000) 
//The tax calculation strategy for npo is trivial, so we can inline it 
calculateTax(nonProfit, ((t: TaxPayer) => 0) 

，這樣我可以選擇一個具體的實現在運行時一個抽象的概念的。

在這裏，你是爲了限制T的專業化的子類的TaxPayer這些亞型使用upper bound。

Answer 3

來自Java，我仍然喜歡OO風格的語法。我也只是看Deriving Scalaz（免責聲明）的第一部分，並用它作爲一個小練習向我展示Pimp My Library和Implicits的概念。我想我可能會分享我的發現。總的來說，這樣設置的時候會有更多的編程開銷，但我個人認爲這個用法更清晰。

這第一個片段演示了添加Pimp My Library模式。

trait TaxPayer 

/** 
* This is part of the Pimp My Library pattern which converts any subclass of 
* TaxPayer to type TaxPayerPimp 
*/ 
object TaxPayer { 
    implicit def toTaxPayerPimp[T <: TaxPayer](t: T) : TaxPayerPimp[T] = 
    new TaxPayerPimp[T] { 
     val taxPayer = t 
    } 
} 

/** 
* This is an extra trait defining tax calculation which will be overloaded by 
* individual TaxCalculator strategies. 
*/ 
trait TaxCalculator[T <: TaxPayer] { 
    def calculate(t: T) : Long 
} 

/** 
* This is the other part of the Pimp My Library pattern and is analogus to 
* Scalaz's Identity trait. 
*/ 
trait TaxPayerPimp[T <: TaxPayer] { 
    val taxPayer: T 
    def calculateTax(tc: TaxCalculator[T]) : Long = tc.calculate(taxPayer) 
} 


case class Employee(sal: Long) extends TaxPayer 

/** 
* This is the employee companion object which defines the TaxCalculator 
* strategies. 
*/ 
object Employee { 
    object DefaultTaxCalculator extends TaxCalculator[Employee] { 
    def calculate(e: Employee) = Math.ceil(e.sal * .3) toLong 
    } 

    object BelgianTaxCalculator extends TaxCalculator[Employee] { 
    def calculate(e: Employee) = Math.ceil(e.sal * .5) toLong 
    } 
} 

case class NonProfitOrg(funds: BigInt) extends TaxPayer 

/** 
* This is the NonProfitOrg companion which defines it's own TaxCalculator 
* strategies. 
*/ 
object NonProfitOrg { 
    object DefaultTaxCalculator extends TaxCalculator[NonProfitOrg] { 
    def calculate(n: NonProfitOrg) = 0 
    } 
} 



object TaxPayerMain extends Application { 

    //The result is a more OO style version of VonC's example 
    val employee = new Employee(1000) 
    employee.calculateTax(Employee.DefaultTaxCalculator) 
    employee.calculateTax(Employee.BelgianTaxCalculator) 

    val npo = new NonProfitOrg(100000000) 
    npo.calculateTax(NonProfitOrg.DefaultTaxCalculator) 

    //Note the type saftey, this will not compile 
    npo.calculateTax(Employee.DefaultTaxCalculator) 

} 

我們可以進一步使用implicits這一點。

trait TaxPayer 
object TaxPayer { 
    implicit def toTaxPayerPimp[T <: TaxPayer](t: T) : TaxPayerPimp[T] = 
     new TaxPayerPimp[T] { 
     val taxPayer = t 
     } 
} 

trait TaxCalculator[T <: TaxPayer] { 
    def calculate(t: T) : Long 
} 

/** 
* Here we've added an implicit to the calculateTax function which tells the 
* compiler to look for an implicit TaxCalculator in scope. 
*/ 
trait TaxPayerPimp[T <: TaxPayer] { 
    val taxPayer: T 
    def calculateTax(implicit tc: TaxCalculator[T]) : Long = tc.calculate(taxPayer) 
} 

case class Employee(sal: Long) extends TaxPayer 

/** 
* Here we've added implicit to the DefaultTaxCalculator. If in scope 
* and the right type, it will be implicitely used as the parameter in the 
* TaxPayerPimp.calculateTax function. 
* 
* 
*/ 
object Employee { 
    implicit object DefaultTaxCalculator extends TaxCalculator[Employee] { 
    def calculate(e: Employee) = Math.ceil(e.sal * .3) toLong 
    } 

    object BelgianTaxCalculator extends TaxCalculator[Employee] { 
    def calculate(e: Employee) = Math.ceil(e.sal * .5) toLong 
    } 
} 

/** 
* Added implicit to the DefaultTaxCalculator... 
*/ 
case class NonProfitOrg(funds: BigInt) extends TaxPayer 
object NonProfitOrg { 
    implicit object DefaultTaxCalculator extends TaxCalculator[NonProfitOrg] { 
    def calculate(n: NonProfitOrg) = 0 
    } 
} 

object TaxPayer2 extends Application { 

    println("TaxPayer2") 

    val taxPayer = new Employee(1000) 

    //Now the call to calculateTax will 
    //implicitely use Employee.DefaultTaxCalculator 
    taxPayer.calculateTax 
    //But if we want, we can still explicitely pass in the BelgianTaxCalculator 
    taxPayer.calculateTax(Employee.BelgianTaxCalculator) 

    val npo = new NonProfitOrg(100000000) 

    //implicitely uses NonProfitOrg.defaultCalculator 
    npo.calculateTax 


}