我需要一個算法來生成一個正數的所有可能的分區，我想出了一個（作爲答案張貼），但它是指數時間。生成一個數字的分區
該算法應該返回所有可能的方式，一個數字可以表示爲小於或等於自身的正數的總和。因此，例如，對於數，其結果將是：
所以我的問題是：是否有更高效的算法呢？
編輯：問題題爲「一些和分解」，因爲我真的不知道這是什麼叫。 ShreevatsaR pointed out他們被稱爲「分區」，所以我相應地編輯了問題標題。
這就是所謂的Partitions。 [也可查看維基百科：Partition (number theory)]
分區P（N）的數量呈指數增長，所以任何你做產生所有分區必然要採取指數時間。
也就是說，你可以比你的代碼做得更好。請參閱this或其更新版本Python Algorithms and Data Structures通過David Eppstein。
這裏是我的解決方案（指數時間）在Python：
q = { 1: [[1]] }
def decompose(n):
try:
return q[n]
except:
pass
result = [[n]]
for i in range(1, n):
a = n-i
R = decompose(i)
for r in R:
if r[0] <= a:
result.append([a] + r)
q[n] = result
return result
>>> decompose(5)
[[5], [4, 1], [3, 2], [3, 1, 1], [2, 2, 1], [2, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]
當你問到更高效的算法時，我不知道要比較哪一個。但這裏是一個用直接的方式（二郎）一種算法：
-module(partitions).
-export([partitions/1]).
partitions(N) -> partitions(N, N).
partitions(N, Max) when N > 0 ->
[[X | P]
|| X <- lists:seq(min(N, Max), 1, -1),
P <- partitions(N - X, X)];
partitions(0, _) -> [[]];
partitions(_, _) -> [].
它是在時間（同Can Berk Güder's solution in Python）指數和線性的堆棧空間。但是使用相同的技巧，記憶，你可以通過節省內存和減少指數來實現重大改進。 （它比N = 50快十倍）
mp(N) ->
lists:foreach(fun (X) -> put(X, undefined) end,
lists:seq(1, N)), % clean up process dictionary for sure
mp(N, N).
mp(N, Max) when N > 0 ->
case get(N) of
undefined -> R = mp(N, 1, Max, []), put(N, R), R;
[[Max | _] | _] = L -> L;
[[X | _] | _] = L ->
R = mp(N, X + 1, Max, L), put(N, R), R
end;
mp(0, _) -> [[]];
mp(_, _) -> [].
mp(_, X, Max, R) when X > Max -> R;
mp(N, X, Max, R) ->
mp(N, X + 1, Max, prepend(X, mp(N - X, X), R)).
prepend(_, [], R) -> R;
prepend(X, [H | T], R) -> prepend(X, T, [[X | H] | R]).
無論如何，你應該爲你的語言和目的設定基準。
Java實現。可以從記憶中受益。
public class Partition {
/**
* partition returns a list of int[] that represent all distinct partitions of n.
*/
public static List<int[]> partition(int n) {
List<Integer> partial = new ArrayList<Integer>();
List<int[]> partitions = new ArrayList<int[]>();
partition(n, partial, partitions);
return partitions;
}
/**
* If n=0, it copies the partial solution into the list of complete solutions.
* Else, for all values i less than or equal to n, put i in the partial solution and partition the remainder n-i.
*/
private static void partition(int n, List<Integer> partial, List<int[]> partitions) {
//System.out.println("partition " + n + ", partial solution: " + partial);
if (n == 0) {
// Complete solution is held in 'partial' --> add it to list of solutions
partitions.add(toArray(partial));
} else {
// Iterate through all numbers i less than n.
// Avoid duplicate solutions by ensuring that the partial array is always non-increasing
for (int i=n; i>0; i--) {
if (partial.isEmpty() || partial.get(partial.size()-1) >= i) {
partial.add(i);
partition(n-i, partial, partitions);
partial.remove(partial.size()-1);
}
}
}
}
/**
* Helper method: creates a new integer array and copies the contents of the list into the array.
*/
private static int[] toArray(List<Integer> list) {
int i = 0;
int[] arr = new int[list.size()];
for (int val : list) {
arr[i++] = val;
}
return arr;
}
}
這裏做的更囉嗦的方式（這是我做之前，我知道了「分區」一詞，這使我做了谷歌搜索）：
def magic_chunker (remainder, chunkSet, prevChunkSet, chunkSets):
if remainder > 0:
if prevChunkSet and (len(prevChunkSet) > len(chunkSet)): # counting down from previous
# make a chunk that is one less than relevant one in the prevChunkSet
position = len(chunkSet)
chunk = prevChunkSet[position] - 1
prevChunkSet = [] # clear prevChunkSet, no longer need to reference it
else: # begins a new countdown;
if chunkSet and (remainder > chunkSet[-1]): # no need to do iterations any greater than last chunk in this set
chunk = chunkSet[-1]
else: # i.e. remainder is less than or equal to last chunk in this set
chunk = remainder #else use the whole remainder for this chunk
chunkSet.append(chunk)
remainder -= chunk
magic_chunker(remainder, chunkSet, prevChunkSet, chunkSets)
else: #i.e. remainder==0
chunkSets.append(list(chunkSet)) #save completed partition
prevChunkSet = list(chunkSet)
if chunkSet[-1] > 1: # if the finalchunk was > 1, do further recursion
remainder = chunkSet.pop() #remove last member, and use it as remainder
magic_chunker(remainder, chunkSet, prevChunkSet, chunkSets)
else: # last chunk is 1
if chunkSet[0]==1: #the partition started with 1, we know we're finished
return chunkSets
else: #i.e. still more chunking to go
# clear back to last chunk greater than 1
while chunkSet[-1]==1:
remainder += chunkSet.pop()
remainder += chunkSet.pop()
magic_chunker(remainder, chunkSet, prevChunkSet, chunkSets)
partitions = []
magic_chunker(10, [], [], partitions)
print partitions
>> [[10], [9, 1], [8, 2], [8, 1, 1], [7, 3], [7, 2, 1], [7, 1, 1, 1], [6, 4], [6, 3, 1], [6, 2, 2], [6, 2, 1, 1], [6, 1, 1, 1, 1], [5, 5], [5, 4, 1], [5, 3, 2], [5, 3, 1, 1], [5, 2, 2, 1], [5, 2, 1, 1, 1], [5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [4, 4, 2], [4, 4, 1, 1], [4, 3, 3], [4, 3, 2, 1], [4, 3, 1, 1, 1], [4, 2, 2, 2], [4, 2, 2, 1, 1], [4, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1], [4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [3, 3, 3, 1], [3, 3, 2, 2], [3, 3, 2, 1, 1], [3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1], [3, 2, 2, 2, 1], [3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1], [3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2, 2, 2], [2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]
下面是使用我在Haskell中編寫的paramorphisms的一個解決方案。
import Numeric.Natural (Natural)
import Control.Monad (join)
import Data.List (nub)
import Data.Functor.Foldable (ListF (..), para)
partitions :: Natural -> [[Natural]]
partitions = para algebra
where algebra Nothing = []
algebra (Just (0,_)) = [[1]]
algebra (Just (_, past)) = (nub . (getAll =<<)) (fmap (1:) past)
getAll :: [Natural] -> [[Natural]]
getAll = fmap (dropWhile (==0) . sort) . subsets
where subsets xs = flip sumIndicesAt xs <$> indices xs
indices :: [Natural] -> [[Natural]]
indices = join . para algebra
where algebra Nil = []
algebra (Cons x (xs, [])) = [[x:xs]]
algebra (Cons x (xs, past)) = (:) <$> [x:xs,[]] <*> past
這絕對不是最有效的，但我認爲它非常優雅，它的確具有啓發性。
只是好奇：是一個理論問題（這是好的）還是它有實際用途？ – PhiLho 2008-12-30 17:02:21
它確實對我有用。我需要生成一個數字N的所有分區。每個分區對應不同的分佈，因此我試圖最大化一個不同的「覆蓋」值。 – 2008-12-30 17:13:09
如果你只是在尋找分區的數量而不是特定的公式，那麼就有一個封閉的解決方案。 – AlexQueue 2011-09-08 15:14:02