如何訪問`pip --user`安裝的軟件包？

Question

我意識到我有一個過時的版本numpy的：

$ python 
Python 2.7.10 (default, Oct 23 2015, 18:05:06) 
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 7.0.0 (clang-700.0.59.5)] on darwin 
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. 
>>> import numpy as np 
>>> np.version.full_version 
'1.8.0rc1' 

我試圖更新，但由於某些原因，我不能整個機器上安裝：

$ sudo pip install -U numpy 
Password: 
Downloading/unpacking numpy from https://pypi.python.org/packages/dd/9f/cd0ec9c50e4ed8650901ad4afde164e5252b6182a9e0c7bff5f8b4441960/numpy-1.11.1.zip#md5=5caa3428b24aaa07e72c79d115140e46 
    Downloading numpy-1.11.1.zip (4.7MB): 4.7MB downloaded 
    ... 
    Found existing installation: numpy 1.8.0rc1 
    Uninstalling numpy: 
Cleaning up... 
Exception: 
Traceback (most recent call last): 
    File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.4.1-py2.7.egg/pip/basecommand.py", line 134, in main 
    status = self.run(options, args) 
    File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.4.1-py2.7.egg/pip/commands/install.py", line 241, in run 
    requirement_set.install(install_options, global_options, root=options.root_path) 
    File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.4.1-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 1294, in install 
    requirement.uninstall(auto_confirm=True) 
    File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.4.1-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 525, in uninstall 
    paths_to_remove.remove(auto_confirm) 
    File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.4.1-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 1639, in remove 
    renames(path, new_path) 
    File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.4.1-py2.7.egg/pip/util.py", line 294, in renames 
    shutil.move(old, new) 
    File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 302, in move 
    copy2(src, real_dst) 
    File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 131, in copy2 
    copystat(src, dst) 
    File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 103, in copystat 
    os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags) 
OSError: [Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-fajcj_-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/numpy-1.8.0rc1-py2.7.egg-info' 

Storing complete log in /Users/csaftoiu/Library/Logs/pip.log 

好吧，我會只需安裝到--user那麼：

$ pip install -U --user numpy 
... 
Successfully installed numpy 

但是版本沒有更新！

$ python 
Python 2.7.10 (default, Oct 23 2015, 18:05:06) 
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 7.0.0 (clang-700.0.59.5)] on darwin 
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. 
>>> import numpy as np 
>>> np.version.full_version 
'1.8.0rc1' 

安裝版本去哪了？

Answer 1

作爲每the Python docs，這是使用「用戶方案」安裝：

文件將被安裝到的site.USER_BASE子目錄（寫爲用戶羣下文）。

你可以看到你USER_BASE值是這樣的：

$ python -c "import site; print(site.USER_BASE)" 
/Users/csaftoiu/Library/Python/2.7 

我發現，我的機器上，這是上sys.path，但經過全球的安裝目錄，它來了。

我解決它加入這個我~/.bash_profile：

# add user base to python path 
export PYTHONPATH=$(python -c "import site, os; print(os.path.join(site.USER_BASE, 'lib', 'python', 'site-packages'))"):$PYTHONPATH 

現在最新的版本確實載：

$ python 
Python 2.7.10 (default, Oct 23 2015, 18:05:06) 
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 7.0.0 (clang-700.0.59.5)] on darwin 
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. 
>>> import numpy 
>>> numpy 
<module 'numpy' from '/Users/csaftoiu/Library/Python/2.7/lib/python/site-packages/numpy/__init__.pyc'> 
>>> numpy.version.full_version 
'1.11.1' 
>>>