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我正在使用這個color_cube_actor.py文件，並且能夠在使用我的HTC Vive時運行hello_qt_controllers.py示例，我確實看到了彩色立方體，並且能夠使用roomscale漫步，所以一切正常。更改OpenVR的color_cube_actor.py的gl_PointSize會導致Python崩潰？
我想開始學習如何實時在Python改變緩衝區中的數據。
爲了開始，我刪除了GLSL程序中很多不必要的部分，並對其進行了修改，以將不露面的頂點呈現爲10px白色圓點。
試圖從一個Python循環中喂值有頂點的點大小改變我與this example試驗和我修改我的項目按照drawWithoutVBOs()風格。
使用一個簡單的靜態非變化變量（layout(location = 8) uniform float Size = 10;）我的程序工作併產生上述圖像。但是，如果我使用「變量」變量（layout(location = 8) in float Size;），那麼Python將完全崩潰而不會出現錯誤。
源碼項目
#!/bin/env python
# file color_cube_actor.py
from textwrap import dedent
import numpy as np
from OpenGL.arrays import vbo
from OpenGL.GL import * # @UnusedWildImport # this comment squelches an IDE warning
from OpenGL.GL.shaders import compileShader, compileProgram
from pyqtgraph.opengl.shaders import getShaderProgram
class ColorCubeActor(object):
"""
Draws a cube
2________ 3
/| /|
6/_|____7/ |
| |_____|_|
| /0 | /1
|/______|/
4 5
"""
def __init__(self):
self.shader = 0
def init_gl(self):
vertex_shader = compileShader(dedent(
"""
#version 450 core
layout(location = 0) uniform mat4 Projection = mat4(1);
layout(location = 4) uniform mat4 ModelView = mat4(1);
//layout(location = 8) in float Size; //This causes Python to crash!
layout(location = 8) uniform float Size = 10;
vec3 UNIT_CUBE[8] = vec3[8](
vec3(-1.0, -0.0, -1.0), // 0: lower left rear
vec3(+1.0, -0.0, -1.0), // 1: lower right rear
vec3(-1.0, +2.0, -1.0), // 2: upper left rear
vec3(+1.0, +2.0, -1.0), // 3: upper right rear
vec3(-1.0, -0.0, +1.0), // 4: lower left front
vec3(+1.0, -0.0, +1.0), // 5: lower right front
vec3(-1.0, +2.0, +1.0), // 6: upper left front
vec3(+1.0, +2.0, +1.0) // 7: upper right front
);
out vec3 _color;
void main() {
_color = vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
gl_Position = Projection * ModelView * vec4(UNIT_CUBE[gl_VertexID] * 0.3, 1.0);
gl_PointSize = Size;
}
"""),
GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
fragment_shader = compileShader(dedent(
"""
#version 450 core
in vec3 _color;
out vec4 FragColor;
void main() {
FragColor = vec4(_color, 1.0);
}
"""),
GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
self.shader = compileProgram(vertex_shader, fragment_shader)
self.vao = glGenVertexArrays(1)
glBindVertexArray(self.vao)
self.vbo = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.vbo)
glBindAttribLocation(self.shader, 8, "Size")
glLinkProgram(self.shader)
glEnable(GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE) #allow the program to specify the point size
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
def setPointSize(self):
size = [10.0,10.0,10.0,10.0,10.0,10.0,10.0,10.0]
glEnableVertexAttribArray(8)
glVertexAttribPointer(8, 1, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, size)
def display_gl(self, modelview, projection):
glUseProgram(self.shader)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.vbo)
glBindVertexArray(self.vao)
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT) #| GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glUniformMatrix4fv(0, 1, False, projection)
glUniformMatrix4fv(4, 1, False, modelview)
self.setPointSize()
glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, 8)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
glBindVertexArray(0)
def dispose_gl(self):
glDeleteProgram(self.shader)
self.shader = 0
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, (self.vao,))
self.vao = 0
我不知道如果我使用QT後端，而不是pygame的，然後有我的環境等之間的細微差別我的項目錯過了一些東西，或者如果可能導致問題的例子？
我希望這裏有人能幫我弄清楚爲什麼給gl_PointSize提供一個值會導致Python崩潰。我對使用PyOpenVR庫時可以實時修改緩衝區數據（位置，點大小等）的方式也很感興趣？
感謝您的幫助！
[更新]
這是我從GLSL Tutorial – Attribute Variables複製修改我的最新項目。現在，這隻會在pyGame和pySide QT中產生一個空白屏幕。
#!/bin/env python
# file color_cube_actor.py
import time
from textwrap import dedent
import numpy as np
from OpenGL.GL import * # @UnusedWildImport # this comment squelches an IDE warning
from OpenGL.GL.shaders import compileShader, compileProgram
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
class ColorCubeActor(object):
array_size = 100
def __init__(self):
self.program = 0
self.scale = 0
self.indices = np.ascontiguousarray(np.arange(self.array_size), dtype=np.int)
self.colors = np.ascontiguousarray(np.tile(np.array([0.0,1.0,0.0]), (self.array_size,1)), dtype=np.float) #a bunch of green vertices
self.sizes = np.ascontiguousarray(np.ones(self.array_size)*10, dtype=np.float)
def init_gl(self):
glEnable(GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE) #allow the program to specify the point size
vertex_shader = compileShader(dedent("""
#version 450 core
layout(location = 0) uniform mat4 Projection = mat4(1);
layout(location = 4) uniform mat4 ModelView = mat4(1);
in vec3 ptPosition;
in float ptSize;
in vec3 ptColor;
out vec3 _color;
void main()
{
_color = ptColor; //vec3(0.2, 0.5, 1.0); //light blue
gl_Position = Projection * ModelView * vec4(ptPosition, 1.0);
//use normalized device coordinates to calculate the PointSize of a vertex based on it's distance from the perspective camera.
//https://www.gamedev.net/topic/574695-gl_points-distance-attenuation/#
vec3 ndc = gl_Position.xyz/gl_Position.w ; // perspective divide.
float zDist = 1.0-ndc.z ; // 1 is close (right up in your face,)
// 0 is far (at the far plane)
gl_PointSize = ptSize*zDist ; // between 0 and 50 now.
}
"""), GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
fragment_shader = compileShader(dedent("""
#version 450 core
in vec3 _color;
out vec4 FragColor;
void main() {
FragColor = vec4(_color, 1.0); //just pass a color to the vertex (results in a rectangle pixel)
}
"""), GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
self.program = compileProgram(vertex_shader, fragment_shader)
#setup the vao and bind buffers (example: http://www.lighthouse3d.com/tutorials/glsl-tutorial/attribute-variables/)
self.vao = glGenVertexArrays(1)
glBindVertexArray(self.vao)
self.ptSize = glGenBuffers(1) #bind buffer for point sizes
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.ptSize) #GL_ARRAY_BUFFER is the buffer type we use to feed attributes
ptSize_pointer = glGetAttribLocation(self.program, "ptSize") #get the location of attribute "ptSize" from self.program
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.sizes.nbytes, self.sizes, GL_STREAM_DRAW) #feed the buffer, and let OpenGL know that we don't plan to
glEnableVertexAttribArray(ptSize_pointer) #Enable the attribute at that location
glVertexAttribPointer(ptSize_pointer, 1, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0) #Tell OpenGL what the array contains:
self.ptColor = glGenBuffers(1) #bind buffer for point colors
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.ptColor) #GL_ARRAY_BUFFER is the buffer type we use to feed attributes
ptColor_pointer = glGetAttribLocation(self.program, "ptColor") #get the location of attribute "ptSize" from self.program
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.colors.nbytes, self.colors, GL_STREAM_DRAW) #feed the buffer, and let OpenGL know that we don't plan to
glEnableVertexAttribArray(ptColor_pointer) #Enable the attribute at that location
glVertexAttribPointer(ptColor_pointer, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0) #Tell OpenGL what the array contains:
def setPoints(self, modelview, projection):
self.scale += 0.0005
#create dataset https://matplotlib.org/mpl_toolkits/mplot3d/tutorial.html
theta = np.linspace(-4 * np.pi, 4 * np.pi, self.array_size)
z = np.linspace(-2, 2, self.array_size)
r = z**2 + 1
x = r * np.sin(theta)
y = r * np.cos(theta)
plot = np.ascontiguousarray(np.dstack((x,y,z)) * self.scale, dtype=np.float)
self.ptPosition = glGenBuffers(1) #bind buffer for positions and copy data into buffer
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.ptPosition) #GL_ARRAY_BUFFER is the buffer type we use to feed attributes
ptPosition_pointer = glGetAttribLocation(self.program, "ptPosition") #get the location of attribute "ptSize" from self.program
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, plot.nbytes, plot, GL_STREAM_DRAW) #feed the buffer, and let OpenGL know that we don't plan to
glEnableVertexAttribArray(ptPosition_pointer) #Enable the attribute at that location
glVertexAttribPointer(ptPosition_pointer, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0)#Tell OpenGL what the array contains:
glUniformMatrix4fv(0, 1, False, projection)
glUniformMatrix4fv(4, 1, False, modelview)
glDrawElements(GL_POINTS, self.array_size, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, self.indices)
def display_gl(self, modelview, projection):
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT) #| GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glUseProgram(self.program)
self.setPoints(modelview, projection)
def dispose_gl(self):
glDeleteProgram(self.program)
self.program = 0
def main(self):
pygame.init()
pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600), HWSURFACE|OPENGL|DOUBLEBUF)
self.init_gl()
projection = np.array([#the matrix generated captured while using HTC Vive
[ 0.75752085, 0. , 0. , 0.],
[ 0. , 0.68160856, 0. , 0.],
[ 0.05516453, -0.00299519, -1.00040019, -1.],
[ 0. , 0. , -0.20008004, 0.]
])
modelview = np.array([#the matrix generated captured while using HTC Vive
[ 0.99030989, 0.04490654, 0.13141415, 0.],
[-0.01430531, 0.9742285 , -0.22510922, 0.],
[-0.13813627, 0.22104797, 0.9654305 , 0.],
[-0.12975544, -0.9294402 , -1.06236947, 1.]
])
start_time = time.time()
while time.time() - start_time < 5: #5 second animation
self.display_gl(modelview, projection)
pygame.display.flip()
if __name__ == '__main__':
t = ColorCubeActor()
t.main()
也再次感謝大家的幫助和病人！我知道我對OpenGL非常不熟悉，非常感謝所有的建議。
[更新]
學習的OpenGL可能已中我曾嘗試在很長的時間做最難的事情之一。我現在花了四天的時間試圖在OpenGL 4.5中設置緩衝區，而且我幾乎沒有取得任何進展，我只是覺得很尷尬。
下面是我寫的一些代碼的示例（它不指定版本4.5）。根據Derhass的建議，我試圖在本文件中使用VBOs，他們似乎一直工作，直到指定#version 450 core，我所得到的都是大量的折舊錯誤和1282。再次因爲它不針對OpenGL 4.5，我不認爲我可以在OpenVR中使用它（不知道爲什麼，但是？）。
#!/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
import time
import numpy as np
from textwrap import dedent
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GL.shaders import compileShader, compileProgram
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
##############################################################################
# OpenGL funcs
##############################################################################
buffers=None
shader = None
def init_gl():
glEnable(GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE) #allow the program to specify the point size
global shader, buffers
vertex_shader = compileShader(dedent('''
uniform mat4 Projection = mat4(1);
uniform mat4 ModelView = mat4(1);
varying out vec3 _color;
void main() {
_color = gl_Color;
gl_Position = Projection * ModelView * gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * gl_Vertex;
vec3 ndc = gl_Position.xyz/gl_Position.w ; // perspective divide.
float zDist = 1.0-ndc.z ; // 1 is close (right up in your face,)
// 0 is far (at the far plane)
gl_PointSize = 25*zDist ; // between 0 and 50 now.
}
'''), GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
fragment_shader = compileShader(dedent('''
in vec3 _color;
void main() {
gl_FragColor = vec4(_color, 1.0); //gl_Color;
}
'''), GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
shader = compileProgram(vertex_shader, fragment_shader)
buffers=create_vbo()
yaw=0
pitch=0
def draw():
global yaw, pitch
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)# | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity()
yaw+=0.39
pitch+=0.27
glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
glRotatef(yaw, 0, 1, 0)
glRotatef(pitch, 1, 0, 0)
setPoints()
glFlush()
##############################################################################
# vertices
##############################################################################
array_size = 100
scale = 0.15
#create dataset https://matplotlib.org/mpl_toolkits/mplot3d/tutorial.html
theta = np.linspace(-4 * np.pi, 4 * np.pi, array_size)
z = np.linspace(-2, 2, array_size)
r = z**2 + 1
x = r * np.sin(theta)
y = r * np.cos(theta)
vertices = np.dstack((x,y,z)) * scale
colors = np.tile(np.array([0.0, 1.0, 0.0]), (array_size,1)) #a bunch of green vertices
indices=np.arange(array_size)
def create_vbo():
buffers = glGenBuffers(3)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffers[0])
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
vertices.nbytes, # byte size
(ctypes.c_float*len(vertices.flat))(*vertices.flat),
GL_STREAM_DRAW)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffers[1])
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
colors.nbytes, # byte size
(ctypes.c_float*len(colors.flat))(*colors.flat),
GL_STATIC_DRAW)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffers[2])
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
indices.nbytes, # byte size
(ctypes.c_uint*len(indices.flat))(*indices.flat),
GL_STATIC_DRAW)
return buffers
def draw_vbo():
glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
glEnableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffers[0]);
glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, None);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffers[1]);
glColorPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, None);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffers[2]);
glDrawElements(GL_POINTS, indices.size, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None);
glDisableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY)
glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
def setPoints():
global shader
glUseProgram(shader)
draw_vbo()
projection = np.array([#the matrix generated captured while using HTC Vive
[ 0.75752085, 0. , 0. , 0.],
[ 0. , 0.68160856, 0. , 0.],
[ 0.05516453, -0.00299519, -1.00040019, -1.],
[ 0. , 0. , -0.20008004, 0.]
])
modelview = np.array([#the matrix generated captured while using HTC Vive
[ 0.99030989, 0.04490654, 0.13141415, 0.],
[-0.01430531, 0.9742285 , -0.22510922, 0.],
[-0.13813627, 0.22104797, 0.9654305 , 0.],
[-0.12975544, -0.9294402 , -1.06236947, 1.]
])
glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader, "Projection"), 1, False, projection)
glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader, "ModelView"), 1, False, modelview)
glUseProgram(0)
##############################################################################
if __name__ == '__main__':
pygame.init()
pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600), HWSURFACE|OPENGL|DOUBLEBUF)
init_gl()
start_time = time.time()
while time.time() - start_time < 5: #5 second animation
draw()
pygame.display.flip()
所以，我想它改寫成Python類（），但即使它看起來是相同的，由於某種原因，我只看到一個頂點走動，其餘都是誰知道在哪裏：
#!/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
import time
import numpy as np
from textwrap import dedent
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GL.shaders import compileShader, compileProgram
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
class ObjectActor(object):
array_size = 100
def __init__(self):
self.buffers=None
self.shader=None
self.vertices = self.get_vertices()
self.colors = np.tile(np.array([0.0, 1.0, 0.0]), (self.array_size,1)) #a bunch of green vertices
self.indices = np.arange(self.array_size)
def init_gl(self):
##############################################################################
# OpenGL funcs
##############################################################################
glEnable(GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE) #allow the program to specify the point size
vertex_shader = compileShader(dedent('''
uniform mat4 Projection = mat4(1);
uniform mat4 ModelView = mat4(1);
varying out vec3 _color;
void main() {
_color = gl_Color;
gl_Position = Projection * ModelView * gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * gl_Vertex;
vec3 ndc = gl_Position.xyz/gl_Position.w ; // perspective divide.
float zDist = 1.0-ndc.z ; // 1 is close (right up in your face,)
// 0 is far (at the far plane)
gl_PointSize = 25*zDist ; // between 0 and 50 now.
}
'''), GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
fragment_shader = compileShader(dedent('''
in vec3 _color;
void main() {
gl_FragColor = vec4(_color, 1.0); //gl_Color;
}
'''), GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
self.shader = compileProgram(vertex_shader, fragment_shader)
self.create_vbo()
def display_gl(self, modelview, projection):
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
self.setPoints(modelview, projection)
glFlush()
def get_vertices(self):
##############################################################################
# vertices
##############################################################################
scale = 0.15
theta = np.linspace(-4 * np.pi, 4 * np.pi, self.array_size)
z = np.linspace(-2, 2, self.array_size)
r = z**2 + 1
x = r * np.sin(theta)
y = r * np.cos(theta)
return np.dstack((x,y,z)) * scale
def create_vbo(self):
self.buffers = glGenBuffers(3)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.buffers[0])
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
self.vertices.nbytes, # byte size
(ctypes.c_float*len(self.vertices.flat))(*self.vertices.flat),
GL_STREAM_DRAW)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.buffers[1])
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
self.colors.nbytes, # byte size
(ctypes.c_float*len(self.colors.flat))(*self.colors.flat),
GL_STATIC_DRAW)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.buffers[2])
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
self.indices.nbytes, # byte size
(ctypes.c_float*len(self.indices.flat))(*self.indices.flat),
GL_STATIC_DRAW)
def draw_vbo(self):
glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY)
glEnableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.buffers[0])
glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, None)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.buffers[1])
glColorPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, None)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.buffers[2])
glDrawElements(GL_POINTS, self.indices.size, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None)
glDisableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY)
glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY)
def setPoints(self, modelview, projection):
glUseProgram(self.shader)
self.draw_vbo()
glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(self.shader, "Projection"), 1, False, projection)
glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(self.shader, "ModelView"), 1, False, modelview)
glUseProgram(0)
def main(self):
pygame.init()
pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600), HWSURFACE|OPENGL|DOUBLEBUF)
self.init_gl()
projection = np.array([#the matrix generated captured while using HTC Vive
[ 0.75752085, 0. , 0. , 0.],
[ 0. , 0.68160856, 0. , 0.],
[ 0.05516453, -0.00299519, -1.00040019, -1.],
[ 0. , 0. , -0.20008004, 0.]
])
modelview = np.array([#the matrix generated captured while using HTC Vive
[ 0.99030989, 0.04490654, 0.13141415, 0.],
[-0.01430531, 0.9742285 , -0.22510922, 0.],
[-0.13813627, 0.22104797, 0.9654305 , 0.],
[-0.12975544, -0.9294402 , -1.06236947, 1.]
])
yaw=0
pitch=0
start_time = time.time()
while time.time() - start_time < 5: #5 second animation
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity()
yaw+=0.39
pitch+=0.27
glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
glRotatef(yaw, 0, 1, 0)
glRotatef(pitch, 1, 0, 0)
self.display_gl(modelview, projection)
pygame.display.flip()
##############################################################################
if __name__ == '__main__':
t = ObjectActor()
t.main()
在這一點上，我肯定會考慮PyOpenGL的工作方式，或者我無法弄清楚如何使用它的可能性。無論哪種方式，它是一個真正的無趣..
您是否考慮過檢查錯誤？我看到你編譯並鏈接了一個程序，但是你從不檢查是否成功。當然，Python的GL包裝器可能會爲你做到這一點。 –