這個問題真的激起了我的興趣。另外我在自己的工作中也會面臨類似的問題,所以這裏設計的解決方案也可能對我有所幫助。
簡而言之,我編寫了概念驗證代碼,它可以緩存可變參數供以後使用 - 您可以在下面找到它。
我能夠得到下面的代碼,以在Windows和基於Linux的Linux上正常工作。我使用Linux上的gcc和Windows上的MSVC編譯。關於濫用gcc的va_start()有兩次重複的警告 - 警告您可以在makefile中禁用該警告。
我很想知道這段代碼是否適用於Mac編譯器。編譯它可能需要稍微調整一下。
我知道這個代碼是:
- 極端在其濫用的va_start的()作爲由ANSI C標準定義。
- Old-school byte-oriented C.
- 理論上講,它在使用va_list變量作爲指針時是不可移植的。
我對malloc()和free()的使用是非常慎重的,因爲va_list宏來自C標準並且不是C++特性。我意識到你的問題標題提到了C++,但我試圖製作一個完全C兼容的解決方案,而不是使用一些C++風格的評論。
該代碼在格式化字符串處理中無疑也存在一些缺陷或非可移植性。我提供這個作爲概念證明,我在兩個小時之內一起入侵,而不是準備好專業用途的完成代碼示例。
該免責聲明說,我希望你能像我一樣愉快地找到結果!這真是一個可愛的問題。結果的病態和扭曲的性質給了我一個深深的大笑。 ;)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#define VERBOSE 0
#ifdef WINDOWS
#define strdup _strdup
#endif
/*
* struct cached_printf_args
*
* This is used as the pointer type of the dynamically allocated
* memory which holds a copy of variable arguments. The struct
* begins with a const char * which recieves a copy of the printf()
* format string.
*
* The purpose of ending a struct with a zero-length array is to
* allow the array name to be a symbol to the data which follows
* that struct. In this case, additional memory will always be
* allocted to actually contain the variable args, and cached_printf_args->args
* will name the start address of that additional buffer space.
*
*/
struct cached_printf_args
{
const char * fmt;
char args[0];
};
/*
* copy_va_args -- Accepts a printf() format string and va_list
* arguments.
*
* Advances the va_list pointer in *p_arg_src in
* accord with the specification in the format string.
*
* If arg_dest provided is not NULL, each argument
* is copied from *p_arg_src to arg_dest according
* to the format string.
*
*/
int copy_va_args(const char * fmt, va_list * p_arg_src, va_list arg_dest)
{
const char * pch = fmt;
int processing_format = 0;
while (*pch)
{
if (processing_format)
{
switch (*pch)
{
//case '!': Could be legal in some implementations such as FormatMessage()
case '0':
case '1':
case '2':
case '3':
case '4':
case '5':
case '6':
case '7':
case '8':
case '9':
case '.':
case '-':
// All the above characters are legal between the % and the type-specifier.
// As the have no effect for caching the arguments, here they are simply
// ignored.
break;
case 'l':
case 'I':
case 'h':
printf("Size prefixes not supported yet.\n");
exit(1);
case 'c':
case 'C':
// the char was promoted to int when passed through '...'
case 'x':
case 'X':
case 'd':
case 'i':
case 'o':
case 'u':
if (arg_dest)
{
*((int *)arg_dest) = va_arg(*p_arg_src, int);
va_arg(arg_dest, int);
}
else
va_arg(*p_arg_src, int);
#if VERBOSE
printf("va_arg(int), ap = %08X, &fmt = %08X\n", *p_arg_src, &fmt);
#endif
processing_format = 0;
break;
case 's':
case 'S':
case 'n':
case 'p':
if (arg_dest)
{
*((char **)arg_dest) = va_arg(*p_arg_src, char *);
va_arg(arg_dest, char *);
}
else
va_arg(*p_arg_src, char *);
#if VERBOSE
printf("va_arg(char *), ap = %08X, &fmt = %08X\n", *p_arg_src, &fmt);
#endif
processing_format = 0;
break;
case 'e':
case 'E':
case 'f':
case 'F':
case 'g':
case 'G':
case 'a':
case 'A':
if (arg_dest)
{
*((double *)arg_dest) = va_arg(*p_arg_src, double);
va_arg(arg_dest, double);
}
else
va_arg(*p_arg_src, double);
#if VERBOSE
printf("va_arg(double), ap = %08X, &fmt = %08X\n", *p_arg_src, &fmt);
#endif
processing_format = 0;
break;
}
}
else if ('%' == *pch)
{
if (*(pch+1) == '%')
pch ++;
else
processing_format = 1;
}
pch ++;
}
return 0;
}
/*
* printf_later -- Accepts a printf() format string and variable
* arguments.
*
* Returns NULL or a pointer to a struct which can
* later be used with va_XXX() macros to retrieve
* the cached arguments.
*
* Caller must free() the returned struct as well as
* the fmt member within it.
*
*/
struct cached_printf_args * printf_later(const char *fmt, ...)
{
struct cached_printf_args * cache;
va_list ap;
va_list ap_dest;
char * buf_begin, *buf_end;
int buf_len;
va_start(ap, fmt);
#if VERBOSE
printf("va_start, ap = %08X, &fmt = %08X\n", ap, &fmt);
#endif
buf_begin = (char *)ap;
// Make the 'copy' call with NULL destination. This advances
// the source point and allows us to calculate the required
// cache buffer size.
copy_va_args(fmt, &ap, NULL);
buf_end = (char *)ap;
va_end(ap);
// Calculate the bytes required just for the arguments:
buf_len = buf_end - buf_begin;
if (buf_len)
{
// Add in the "header" bytes which will be used to fake
// up the last non-variable argument. A pointer to a
// copy of the format string is needed anyway because
// unpacking the arguments later requires that we remember
// what type they are.
buf_len += sizeof(struct cached_printf_args);
cache = malloc(buf_len);
if (cache)
{
memset(cache, 0, buf_len);
va_start(ap, fmt);
va_start(ap_dest, cache->fmt);
// Actually copy the arguments from our stack to the buffer
copy_va_args(fmt, &ap, ap_dest);
va_end(ap);
va_end(ap_dest);
// Allocate a copy of the format string
cache->fmt = strdup(fmt);
// If failed to allocate the string, reverse allocations and
// pointers
if (!cache->fmt)
{
free(cache);
cache = NULL;
}
}
}
return cache;
}
/*
* free_printf_cache - frees the cache and any dynamic members
*
*/
void free_printf_cache(struct cached_printf_args * cache)
{
if (cache)
free((char *)cache->fmt);
free(cache);
}
/*
* print_from_cache -- calls vprintf() with arguments stored in the
* allocated argument cache
*
*
* In order to compile on gcc, this function must be declared to
* accept variable arguments. Otherwise, use of the va_start()
* macro is not allowed. If additional arguments are passed to
* this function, they will not be read.
*/
int print_from_cache(struct cached_printf_args * cache, ...)
{
va_list arg;
va_start(arg, cache->fmt);
vprintf(cache->fmt, arg);
va_end(arg);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv)
{
struct cached_printf_args * cache;
// Allocates a cache of the variable arguments and copy of the format string.
cache = printf_later("All %d of these arguments will be %s fo%c later use, perhaps in %g seconds.", 10, "stored", 'r', 2.2);
// Demonstrate the time-line with some commentary to the output.
printf("This statement intervenes between creation of the cache and its journey to the display.\n"
// THIS is the call which actually displays the output from the cached printf.
print_from_cache(cache);
// Don't forget to return dynamic memory to the free store
free_printf_cache(cache);
return 0;
}
你能提供一個更好的描述你的意思是「稍後」嗎?我認爲任何人都應該很清楚,只要相應的可變參數函數調用仍然有效(即從低層實現相關的角度來看,只要相應的棧幀可用),「va_list」參數是活着的)。在函數返回之後,任何嘗試訪問它都是災難的祕訣。 – AnT 2009-10-13 21:45:21
改爲使用Boost.Format來構建字符串。如果你能避免它,沒有理由炸燬類型安全。 – jalf 2009-10-14 19:08:59
是的,我們最終會做類似的事情,因爲這個方法(問題中的那個)只是普通的缺陷。 – resolveaswontfix 2009-10-14 19:50:50