2

我試圖從雲存儲的性能方面得到我應該期待的東西。 我剛剛從同一位置(美國)的計算引擎實例運行gsutil perfdiag,並且與我的雲存儲存儲桶執行同一項目。應該從計算引擎實例的谷歌雲存儲中預計什麼讀取吞吐量?

對於近線存儲,我得到了25 Mibit/s的讀取和353 Mibit/s的寫入,是低/高/平均,爲什麼讀寫之間的這種差異?

============================================================================== 
 
           DIAGNOSTIC RESULTS        
 
============================================================================== 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
            Latency          
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Operation  Size Trials Mean (ms) Std Dev (ms) Median (ms) 90th % (ms) 
 
========= ========= ====== ========= ============ =========== =========== 
 
    Delete  0 B  5  112.0   52.9   78.2  173.6 
 
    Delete  1 KiB  5  94.1   17.5   90.8  115.0 
 
    Delete 100 KiB  5  80.4   2.5   79.9   83.4 
 
    Delete  1 MiB  5  86.7   3.7   88.2   90.4 
 
Download  0 B  5  58.1   3.8   57.8   62.2 
 
Download  1 KiB  5  2892.4  1071.5  2589.1  4111.9 
 
Download 100 KiB  5  1955.0   711.3  1764.9  2814.3 
 
Download  1 MiB  5  2679.4   976.2  2216.2  3869.9 
 
Metadata  0 B  5  69.1   57.0   42.8  129.3 
 
Metadata  1 KiB  5  37.4   1.5   37.1   39.0 
 
Metadata 100 KiB  5  64.2   47.7   40.9  113.0 
 
Metadata  1 MiB  5  45.7   9.1   49.4   55.1 
 
    Upload  0 B  5  138.3   21.0  122.5  164.8 
 
    Upload  1 KiB  5  170.6   61.5  139.4  242.0 
 
    Upload 100 KiB  5  387.2   294.5  245.8  706.1 
 
    Upload  1 MiB  5  257.4   51.3  228.4  319.7 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           Write Throughput        
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Copied a 1 GiB file 5 times for a total transfer size of 5 GiB. 
 
Write throughput: 353.13 Mibit/s. 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           Read Throughput         
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Copied a 1 GiB file 5 times for a total transfer size of 5 GiB. 
 
Read throughput: 25.16 Mibit/s. 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           System Information        
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
IP Address: 
 
    ##.###.###.## 
 
Temporary Directory: 
 
    /tmp 
 
Bucket URI: 
 
    gs://pl_twitter/ 
 
gsutil Version: 
 
    4.12 
 
boto Version: 
 
    2.30.0 
 
Measurement time: 
 
2015-05-11 07:03:26 PM 
 
Google Server: 
 
    
 
Google Server IP Addresses: 
 
    ##.###.###.### 
 
Google Server Hostnames: 
 
    
 
Google DNS thinks your IP is: 
 
    
 
CPU Count: 
 
    4 
 
CPU Load Average: 
 
    [0.16, 0.05, 0.06] 
 
Total Memory: 
 
    14.38 GiB 
 
Free Memory: 
 
    11.34 GiB 
 
TCP segments sent during test: 
 
    5592296 
 
TCP segments received during test: 
 
    2417850 
 
TCP segments retransmit during test: 
 
    3794 
 
Disk Counter Deltas: 
 
    disk reads writes rbytes wbytes rtime wtime 
 
    sda1  31  5775 126976 1091674112  856 1603544 
 
TCP /proc values: 
 
    wmem_default = 212992 
 
    wmem_max = 212992 
 
    rmem_default = 212992 
 
    tcp_timestamps = 1 
 
    tcp_window_scaling = 1 
 
    tcp_sack = 1 
 
    rmem_max = 212992 
 
Boto HTTPS Enabled: 
 
    True 
 
Requests routed through proxy: 
 
    False 
 
Latency of the DNS lookup for Google Storage server (ms): 
 
    2.5 
 
Latencies connecting to Google Storage server IPs (ms): 
 
    ##.###.###.### = 1.1 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
          In-Process HTTP Statistics       
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Total HTTP requests made: 94 
 
HTTP 5xx errors: 0 
 
HTTP connections broken: 0 
 
Availability: 100%

對於標準的存儲,我得到:

============================================================================== 
 
           DIAGNOSTIC RESULTS        
 
============================================================================== 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
            Latency          
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Operation  Size Trials Mean (ms) Std Dev (ms) Median (ms) 90th % (ms) 
 
========= ========= ====== ========= ============ =========== =========== 
 
    Delete  0 B  5  121.9   34.8  105.1  158.9 
 
    Delete  1 KiB  5  159.3   58.2  126.0  232.3 
 
    Delete 100 KiB  5  106.8   17.0  103.3  125.7 
 
    Delete  1 MiB  5  167.0   77.3  145.1  251.0 
 
Download  0 B  5  87.2   10.3   81.1  100.0 
 
Download  1 KiB  5  95.5   18.0   92.4  115.6 
 
Download 100 KiB  5  156.7   20.5  155.8  179.6 
 
Download  1 MiB  5  219.6   11.7  213.4  232.6 
 
Metadata  0 B  5  59.7   4.5   57.8   64.4 
 
Metadata  1 KiB  5  61.0   21.8   49.6   85.4 
 
Metadata 100 KiB  5  55.3   10.4   50.7   67.7 
 
Metadata  1 MiB  5  75.6   27.8   67.4  109.0 
 
    Upload  0 B  5  162.7   37.0  139.0  207.7 
 
    Upload  1 KiB  5  165.2   23.6  152.3  194.1 
 
    Upload 100 KiB  5  392.1   235.0  268.7  643.0 
 
    Upload  1 MiB  5  387.0   79.5  340.9  486.1 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           Write Throughput        
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Copied a 1 GiB file 5 times for a total transfer size of 5 GiB. 
 
Write throughput: 515.63 Mibit/s. 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           Read Throughput         
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Copied a 1 GiB file 5 times for a total transfer size of 5 GiB. 
 
Read throughput: 123.14 Mibit/s. 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           System Information        
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
IP Address: 
 
    10.240.133.190 
 
Temporary Directory: 
 
    /tmp 
 
Bucket URI: 
 
    gs://test_throughput_standard/ 
 
gsutil Version: 
 
    4.12 
 
boto Version: 
 
    2.30.0 
 
Measurement time: 
 
2015-05-21 11:08:50 AM 
 
Google Server: 
 
    
 
Google Server IP Addresses: 
 
    ##.###.##.### 
 
Google Server Hostnames: 
 
    
 
Google DNS thinks your IP is: 
 
    
 
CPU Count: 
 
    8 
 
CPU Load Average: 
 
    [0.28, 0.18, 0.08] 
 
Total Memory: 
 
    Upload  1 MiB  5  387.0   79.5  340.9  486.1 
 
    49.91 GiB 
 
Free Memory: 
 
    47.9 GiB 
 
TCP segments sent during test: 
 
    5165461 
 
TCP segments received during test: 
 
    1881727 
 
TCP segments retransmit during test: 
 
    3423 
 
Disk Counter Deltas: 
 
    disk reads writes rbytes wbytes rtime wtime 
 
    dm-0  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 
    loop0  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 
    loop1  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 
    sda1  0  4229  0 1080618496  0 1605286 
 
TCP /proc values: 
 
    wmem_default = 212992 
 
    wmem_max = 212992 
 
    rmem_default = 212992 
 
    tcp_timestamps = 1 
 
    tcp_window_scaling = 1 
 
    tcp_sack = 1 
 
    rmem_max = 212992 
 
Boto HTTPS Enabled: 
 
    True 
 
Requests routed through proxy: 
 
    False 
 
Latency of the DNS lookup for Google Storage server (ms): 
 
    1.2 
 
Latencies connecting to Google Storage server IPs (ms): 
 
    ##.###.##.### = 1.3 
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
          In-Process HTTP Statistics       
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Total HTTP requests made: 94 
 
HTTP 5xx errors: 0 
 
HTTP connections broken: 0 
 
Availability: 100%

============================================================================== 
 
           DIAGNOSTIC RESULTS        
 
============================================================================== 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
            Latency          
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Operation  Size Trials Mean (ms) Std Dev (ms) Median (ms) 90th % (ms) 
 
========= ========= ====== ========= ============ =========== =========== 
 
    Delete  0 B  5  145.1   59.4  117.8  215.2 
 
    Delete  1 KiB  5  178.0   51.4  190.6  224.3 
 
    Delete 100 KiB  5  98.3   5.0   96.6  104.3 
 
    Delete  1 MiB  5  117.7   19.2  112.0  140.2 
 
Download  0 B  5  109.4   38.9   91.9  156.5 
 
Download  1 KiB  5  149.5   41.0  141.9  192.5 
 
Download 100 KiB  5  106.9   20.3  108.6  127.8 
 
Download  1 MiB  5  121.1   16.0  112.2  140.9 
 
Metadata  0 B  5  70.0   10.8   76.8   79.9 
 
Metadata  1 KiB  5  113.8   36.6  124.0  148.7 
 
Metadata 100 KiB  5  63.1   20.2   55.7   86.5 
 
Metadata  1 MiB  5  59.2   4.9   61.3   62.9 
 
    Upload  0 B  5  127.5   22.6  117.4  153.6 
 
    Upload  1 KiB  5  215.2   54.8  221.4  270.4 
 
    Upload 100 KiB  5  229.8   79.2  171.6  329.8 
 
    Upload  1 MiB  5  489.8   412.3  295.3  915.4 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           Write Throughput        
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Copied a 1 GiB file 5 times for a total transfer size of 5 GiB. 
 
Write throughput: 503 Mibit/s. 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           Read Throughput         
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Copied a 1 GiB file 5 times for a total transfer size of 5 GiB. 
 
Read throughput: 1.05 Gibit/s. 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           System Information        
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
IP Address: 
 
    ################ 
 
Temporary Directory: 
 
    /tmp 
 
Bucket URI: 
 
    gs://test_throughput_standard/ 
 
gsutil Version: 
 
    4.12 
 
boto Version: 
 
    2.30.0 
 
Measurement time: 
 
2015-05-21 06:20:49 PM 
 
Google Server: 
 
    
 
Google Server IP Addresses: 
 
    ############# 
 
Google Server Hostnames: 
 
    
 
Google DNS thinks your IP is: 
 
    
 
CPU Count: 
 
    8 
 
CPU Load Average: 
 
    [0.08, 0.03, 0.05] 
 
Total Memory: 
 
    49.91 GiB 
 
Free Memory: 
 
    47.95 GiB 
 
TCP segments sent during test: 
 
    4958020 
 
TCP segments received during test: 
 
    2326124 
 
TCP segments retransmit during test: 
 
    2163 
 
Disk Counter Deltas: 
 
    disk reads writes rbytes wbytes rtime wtime 
 
    dm-0  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 
    loop0  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 
    loop1  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 
    sda1  0  4202  0 1080475136  0 1610000 
 
TCP /proc values: 
 
    wmem_default = 212992 
 
    wmem_max = 212992 
 
    rmem_default = 212992 
 
    tcp_timestamps = 1 
 
    tcp_window_scaling = 1 
 
    tcp_sack = 1 
 
    rmem_max = 212992 
 
Boto HTTPS Enabled: 
 
    True 
 
Requests routed through proxy: 
 
    False 
 
Latency of the DNS lookup for Google Storage server (ms): 
 
    1.6 
 
Latencies connecting to Google Storage server IPs (ms): 
 
    ############ = 1.3 
 

 

 

 
2nd Run: 
 

 
============================================================================== 
 
           DIAGNOSTIC RESULTS        
 
============================================================================== 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
            Latency          
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Operation  Size Trials Mean (ms) Std Dev (ms) Median (ms) 90th % (ms) 
 
========= ========= ====== ========= ============ =========== =========== 
 
    Delete  0 B  5  91.5   14.0   85.1  106.0 
 
    Delete  1 KiB  5  125.4   76.2   91.7  203.3 
 
    Delete 100 KiB  5  104.4   15.9   99.0  123.2 
 
    Delete  1 MiB  5  128.2   36.0  116.4  170.7 
 
Download  0 B  5  60.2   8.3   63.0   68.7 
 
Download  1 KiB  5  62.6   11.3   61.6   74.8 
 
Download 100 KiB  5  103.2   21.3  110.7  123.8 
 
Download  1 MiB  5  137.1   18.5  130.3  159.8 
 
Metadata  0 B  5  73.4   35.9   62.3  114.2 
 
Metadata  1 KiB  5  55.9   18.1   55.3   75.6 
 
Metadata 100 KiB  5  45.7   11.0   42.5   59.1 
 
Metadata  1 MiB  5  49.9   7.9   49.2   58.8 
 
    Upload  0 B  5  128.2   24.6  115.5  158.8 
 
    Upload  1 KiB  5  153.5   44.1  132.4  206.4 
 
    Upload 100 KiB  5  176.8   26.8  165.1  209.7 
 
    Upload  1 MiB  5  277.9   80.2  214.7  378.5 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           Write Throughput        
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Copied a 1 GiB file 5 times for a total transfer size of 5 GiB. 
 
Write throughput: 463.76 Mibit/s. 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           Read Throughput         
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Copied a 1 GiB file 5 times for a total transfer size of 5 GiB. 
 
Read throughput: 184.96 Mibit/s. 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           System Information        
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
IP Address: 
 
    ################# 
 
Temporary Directory: 
 
    /tmp 
 
Bucket URI: 
 
    gs://test_throughput_standard/ 
 
gsutil Version: 
 
    4.12 
 
boto Version: 
 
    2.30.0 
 
Measurement time: 
 
2015-05-21 06:24:31 PM 
 
Google Server: 
 
    
 
Google Server IP Addresses: 
 
    #################### 
 
Google Server Hostnames: 
 
    
 
Google DNS thinks your IP is: 
 
    
 
CPU Count: 
 
    8 
 
CPU Load Average: 
 
    [0.19, 0.17, 0.11] 
 
Total Memory: 
 
    49.91 GiB 
 
Free Memory: 
 
    47.9 GiB 
 
TCP segments sent during test: 
 
    5180256 
 
TCP segments received during test: 
 
    2034323 
 
TCP segments retransmit during test: 
 
    2883 
 
Disk Counter Deltas: 
 
    disk reads writes rbytes wbytes rtime wtime 
 
    dm-0  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 
    loop0  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 
    loop1  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 
    sda1  0  4209  0 1080480768  0 1604066 
 
TCP /proc values: 
 
    wmem_default = 212992 
 
    wmem_max = 212992 
 
    rmem_default = 212992 
 
    tcp_timestamps = 1 
 
    tcp_window_scaling = 1 
 
    tcp_sack = 1 
 
    rmem_max = 212992 
 
Boto HTTPS Enabled: 
 
    True 
 
Requests routed through proxy: 
 
    False 
 
Latency of the DNS lookup for Google Storage server (ms): 
 
    3.5 
 
Latencies connecting to Google Storage server IPs (ms): 
 
    ################ = 1.1 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
          In-Process HTTP Statistics       
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Total HTTP requests made: 94 
 
HTTP 5xx errors: 0 
 
HTTP connections broken: 0 
 
Availability: 100% 
 

 

 

 
3rd run 
 

 
============================================================================== 
 
           DIAGNOSTIC RESULTS        
 
============================================================================== 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
            Latency          
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Operation  Size Trials Mean (ms) Std Dev (ms) Median (ms) 90th % (ms) 
 
========= ========= ====== ========= ============ =========== =========== 
 
    Delete  0 B  5  157.0   78.3  101.5  254.9 
 
    Delete  1 KiB  5  153.5   49.1  178.3  202.5 
 
    Delete 100 KiB  5  152.9   47.5  168.0  202.6 
 
    Delete  1 MiB  5  110.6   20.4  105.7  134.5 
 
Download  0 B  5  104.4   50.5   66.8  167.6 
 
Download  1 KiB  5  68.1   11.1   68.7   79.2 
 
Download 100 KiB  5  85.5   5.8   86.0   90.8 
 
Download  1 MiB  5  126.6   40.1  100.5  175.0 
 
Metadata  0 B  5  67.9   16.2   61.0   86.6 
 
Metadata  1 KiB  5  49.3   8.6   44.9   59.5 
 
Metadata 100 KiB  5  66.6   35.4   44.2  107.8 
 
Metadata  1 MiB  5  53.9   13.2   52.1   69.4 
 
    Upload  0 B  5  136.7   37.1  114.4  183.5 
 
    Upload  1 KiB  5  145.5   58.3  116.8  208.2 
 
    Upload 100 KiB  5  227.3   37.6  233.3  259.3 
 
    Upload  1 MiB  5  274.8   45.2  261.8  328.5 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           Write Throughput        
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Copied a 1 GiB file 5 times for a total transfer size of 5 GiB. 
 
Write throughput: 407.03 Mibit/s. 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           Read Throughput         
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
Copied a 1 GiB file 5 times for a total transfer size of 5 GiB. 
 
Read throughput: 629.07 Mibit/s. 
 

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
           System Information        
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
IP Address: 
 
    ############### 
 
Temporary Directory: 
 
    /tmp 
 
Bucket URI: 
 
    gs://test_throughput_standard/ 
 
gsutil Version: 
 
    4.12 
 
boto Version: 
 
    2.30.0 
 
Measurement time: 
 
2015-05-21 06:32:48 PM 
 
Google Server: 
 
    
 
Google Server IP Addresses: 
 
    ################ 
 
Google Server Hostnames: 
 
    
 
Google DNS thinks your IP is: 
 
    
 
CPU Count: 
 
    8 
 
CPU Load Average: 
 
    [0.11, 0.13, 0.13] 
 
Total Memory: 
 
    49.91 GiB 
 
Free Memory: 
 
    47.94 GiB 
 
TCP segments sent during test: 
 
    5603925 
 
TCP segments received during test: 
 
    2438425 
 
TCP segments retransmit during test: 
 
    4586 
 
Disk Counter Deltas: 
 
    disk reads writes rbytes wbytes rtime wtime 
 
    dm-0  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 
    loop0  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 
    loop1  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 
    sda1  0  4185  0 1080353792  0 1603851 
 
TCP /proc values: 
 
    wmem_default = 212992 
 
    wmem_max = 212992 
 
    rmem_default = 212992 
 
    tcp_timestamps = 1 
 
    tcp_window_scaling = 1 
 
    tcp_sack = 1 
 
    rmem_max = 212992 
 
Boto HTTPS Enabled: 
 
    True 
 
Requests routed through proxy: 
 
    False 
 
Latency of the DNS lookup for Google Storage server (ms): 
 
    2.2 
 
Latencies connecting to Google Storage server IPs (ms): 
 
    ############## = 1.6

+1

吞吐量最近相當多變。這是我們正在研究的內容,但平均性能通常會比您觀察到的要快。當你運行perfdiag時,這是否會一致發生? –

+0

@TravisHobrla這些數字在多個perfdiag運行中是一致的(我還應指定這是針對近線存儲),但在「常規」雲存儲存儲區中具有類似的結果。 – user1568967

+1

對於近線鬥,見注,https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/nearline:「讀吞吐量增加存儲消耗線性擴展」,所以如果你有存儲量低,這是預期。對於標準桶,我認爲這是差異的低端 - 如果您嘗試在Standard上多運行一次,您是否始終獲得〜120Mbps的讀數? –

回答

0

所有的事情都是平等的,寫性能一般,因爲該應用程序的磁盤之間的緩存層的存在,現代存儲系統,這麼說,你看到的是在預期範圍爲「近線」存儲中較高。

使用的「標準」存儲桶當我觀察到遠遠優於吞吐量結果。雖然延遲並沒有多大改善。如果您的應用程序需要高吞吐量,請考慮使用「標準」存儲桶。如果您的應用程序對延遲敏感,那麼將本地存儲用作緩存(或臨時空間)可能是唯一的選擇。

這裏是我的一個實驗中的「標準」桶一個片段:

 


------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
            Latency          
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
Operation  Size Trials Mean (ms) Std Dev (ms) Median (ms) 90th % (ms) 
========= ========= ====== ========= ============ =========== =========== 
    Delete  0 B  10  91.5   12.4   89.0   98.5 
    Delete  1 KiB  10  96.4   9.1   95.6  105.6 
    Delete 100 KiB  10  92.9   22.8   85.3  102.4 
    Delete  1 MiB  10  86.4   9.1   84.1   93.2 
Download  0 B  10  54.2   5.1   55.4   58.8 
Download  1 KiB  10  83.3   18.7   78.4   94.9 
Download 100 KiB  10  75.2   14.5   68.6   92.6 
Download  1 MiB  10  95.0   19.7   86.3  126.7 
Metadata  0 B  10  33.5   7.9   31.1   44.8 
Metadata  1 KiB  10  36.3   7.2   35.8   46.8 
Metadata 100 KiB  10  37.7   9.2   36.6   44.1 
Metadata  1 MiB  10  116.1   231.3   36.6  136.1 
    Upload  0 B  10  151.4   67.5  122.9  195.9 
    Upload  1 KiB  10  134.2   22.4  127.9  149.3 
    Upload 100 KiB  10  168.8   20.5  168.6  188.6 
    Upload  1 MiB  10  213.3   37.6  200.2  262.5 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
           Write Throughput        
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
Copied 5 1 GiB file(s) for a total transfer size of 10 GiB. 
Write throughput: 3.46 Gibit/s. 
Parallelism strategy: both 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
         Write Throughput With File I/O       
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
Copied 5 1 GiB file(s) for a total transfer size of 10 GiB. 
Write throughput: 3.9 Gibit/s. 
Parallelism strategy: both 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
           Read Throughput         
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
Copied 5 1 GiB file(s) for a total transfer size of 10 GiB. 
Read throughput: 7.04 Gibit/s. 
Parallelism strategy: both 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
         Read Throughput With File I/O       
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
Copied 5 1 GiB file(s) for a total transfer size of 10 GiB. 
Read throughput: 1.64 Gibit/s. 
Parallelism strategy: both 

希望這是有幫助的。